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Pre-Algebra (3rd ed.) Biblical Worldview Scope

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Biblical Worldview Scope for Pre-Algebra, Third Edition

Overarching theme: What is a number?

Introduction: This document is an attempt to answer (in the form of a scope) the question, “What must a student comprehend and value in order to understand pre-algebra from a biblical worldview?” What follows is a list of the themes that we believe are essential for eighth grade math students to understand and internalize. We anticipate that early in the course students will be required to recall and explain these themes. However, as these themes recur, we plan to require students to evaluate ideas within them, formulate a Christian understanding of them, and apply what they have learned about them to real-life situations. We hope to achieve high levels of internalization wherever students are required to apply their learning.

Knowledge and Numbers
Creation: God created a world that is to be understood. Man was created to understand the world not as an interpreter but as one who agrees with God’s interpretation of His own creation. God communicates His interpretation to us through His Word, and God created us with the necessary abilities to understand His interpretation. This understanding is for the purpose of obeying His commandment to fill, subdue, and rule over the earth (Gen. 1:28). One ability God gave man to help him understand the world is the ability to name things (Gen. 2:19). Naming allows man to organize, distinguish, and make predictions. Numbering is part of that work of naming. This means that numbers are purpose oriented. Our work in numbering is part of God’s creative work in us. The work of numbering is useful in imitating God’s work of ordering, distinguishing, and applying and/or relating one thing to another. Therefore, a working definition of “number” can be “naming the quantitative value of objects or concepts.”

Fall: The Fall has caused us to imagine that we are the interpreters of the world, not God. Fallen mankind, then, views elements of creation as objectively true in a similar way that Christians view God Himself as objective. Therefore, for unbelievers, numbers fit into two categories. Either they believe numbers are purely objective so that numbers are themselves truth (taught by Plato, Frege, and Russell), or they believe numbers are purely dependent upon our minds and we determine truth for ourselves (taught by Kant). In either case, the  unbeliever concludes that numbers and axioms are based on a world without God as Creator and Interpreter. Some Christians, too, have fallen prey to these philosophies. Some want to believe that numbers and axioms are objective truths (Christian Platonism). They believe that numbers and axioms are an insight into the mind of God. This argument is supported by the belief that numbers and axioms have “divine attributes.”1 This means they think that numbers and axioms are reflections/replications of God’s attributes. In other words, they hold that  mathematics is fundamentally a part of the nature of God Himself. In Johannes Kepler’s words, they believe that numbers and axioms are a way of “thinking God's thoughts after Him.” This way of thinking has several theological problems, but one of the two biggest is that we can never and will never think a thought identical to God’s. This is a heresy since God’s thoughts are identical to His being. The second is that mathematics is inferential by nature. This means that math logically moves from concept to concept, using numbers to come to a concluding result. God does not think by way of inference (Job 38; Isa. 55:8–9; Rom. 11:34).
Instead, we can think God’s thoughts after Him only in terms of thinking His interpretation after Him. This interpretation is of Himself and the world as He has revealed this interpretation in Scripture. This interpretation is a “creaturely” way of communication that is not identical to His own mind but remains fully true and accurate.

Redemption: A major temptation for Christians is to seek out common ground with the world to demonstrate the reasonableness of Christianity. In a postmodern world in which truth has lost its meaning, objectivity is viewed as a fairytale, and knowing is a matter of perspective, mathematics seems like a good way to demonstrate to a doubting world that objective truth remains. However, it is essential for Christians to formulate a view of numbers that does not offend God’s being or make numbers more foundational than they ought to be. Instead, a biblical view of numbers includes a purpose-oriented aspect that indicates that numbers are not foundational (of God Himself) but directional (pointing back to God). Numbers are part of the God-given ability of naming and are designed to point to God through the understanding of His works. Advocating this position will distance Christians from unbelievers instead of creating common ground. However, this also means that numbers (if purpose oriented) have vast applications in improving one’s attitude toward mathematics, glorifying God in mathematics, and even growing in relationship with the Creator through mathematics.

Chapter Objectives
Chapter 3: Explain the statement that our work in numbering demonstrates God’s creative work. (Knowledge—Creation)
Chapter 4: Distinguish between the biblical and nonbiblical views of numbering. (Knowledge—Fall and Redemption)


Modeling with Numbers
Creation: It is impossible for us to know everything about the universe. It is even impossible for us to experience or observe everything in the universe. God designed our minds to make representations of the world and to use those representations to understand complex systems and phenomena. For instance, Adam did not set his eyes on every single animal in the world to give each one a different name. Rather, his naming involved categorizing animals into sets. Organizing the animals into sets meant recognizing and including the various aspects of animals: shared characteristics, habits, diet, reproduction, and so forth. This way of ordering things into sets is a form of modeling. Modeling well involves right representation. This means that the model must involve not only the appropriate number of aspects but also the right assumptions about each aspect and the purpose for its inclusion.

Fall: Some thinkers view certainty as the goal of mathematics, and this goal is attempted by way of modeling. In this philosophy, numbers and axioms are understood as derivative of logic. These thinkers’ modeling of numbers involves reducing the complex aspects of numbers to mere logic. The aspects of numbers that are ethical, social, and spatial are all ignored. This modeling is problematic due to its internal contradictions and incomplete connection from logic to numbers. Focusing on just one or two aspects and ignoring others will always cause a model to contain an unacceptable amount of contradiction or incomplete representation.

Redemption: Mathematical models can be incredibly persuasive and demonstrate great usefulness. Yet, these two elements of credibility ought not to be the source of the Christian’s sense of certainty.2 The purpose of model making is to understand better what God has made and even who God is. However, Christians must formulate criteria for a biblical view of what certainty is. Certainty may be achieved with or without truth. That should cause Christians to rely on the Holy Spirit for a sense of certainty that is not false.

Chapter Objectives
Chapter 8: Describe three benefits of mathematical models. (Modeling—Creation)
Chapter 9: Evaluate the effectiveness of mathematics for giving certainty. (Modeling—Fall)
Chapter 10: Explain the proper use of a mathematical model. (Modeling—Redemption)


Reasoning with Numbers
Creation: Humans have been created with the powerful capacity for rational thought. In other words, we have been given a gift of natural intolerance for contradiction. Contradiction is detected or avoided in mathematics most obviously through deduction. Numbers serve as a language for exercising the deductive method of thinking. Using numbers in deductive reasoning allows for stronger certainty that this method of thinking is consistent. Using consistent methods to increase our accuracy is a way we can mimic the work of the Creator. Reasoning allows us better insight into God’s creation, work, and character.

Fall: Because of the seeming objectivity of numbers, many (both Christian and non-Christian) have come to believe that mathematical deduction alone is a means of finding truth. Numbers are viewed as objective due to being rooted outside of this world (in forms or nature of God), making them self-evident truths that need not be questioned. This view of numbers has caused reason to be revered and elevated to a divine capacity. As conservative theologian Albert Mohler said, “You can't suggest that two plus two equals four is categorically a different kind of statement than God was in Christ incarnate.”3 Note the one-to-one ratio between a math statement and a theological truth from Scripture. These are indeed categorically different. But this does not mean we do not believe that numbers allow consistency and accuracy. Numbers do allow for more consistent and more accurate reasoning than other languages. But reasoning has its limits. Kurt Gödel demonstrated these limits with his incompleteness theorem.

Redemption: Although Christians are tempted to find security in creaturely things like reasoning and numbers, they must formulate a biblical view of reasoning that admits reason’s limitations. Although they might be tempted to connect mathematical reason to God’s nature, they must use math within its capacities. When Aaron crafted a golden calf for the Israelites, he did so with God in mind. The people wanted God to be closer to them: more relatable, more tangible. They were still attempting to engage in the worship of God while also attempting to be comforted by something they could understand—the golden calf. At times, Christians have made a golden calf out of reason. They make something creaturely divine so that the creaturely thing will comfort them. This idol making fools them into thinking they are closer to God. They convince themselves that they are still revering God as they bow at the altar of reason. Instead, the idol pulls them further away. When Christians formulate a biblical view of reason, they are better prepared to recognize the tendency to make a golden calf out of reason. As they use reason with understanding of its actual capacities, it forces them to rely on the work of the Holy Spirit through Scripture for truth.

Chapter Objectives
Chapter 5: Describe several benefits of mathematical reasoning. (Reasoning—Creation)
Chapter 6: Explain why even correct mathematical reasoning cannot lead to certainty. (Reasoning—Fall and Redemption)


Design through Numbers
Creation: God gave us capacities like the skills of modeling and reasoning. The question is, what makes activities like reasoning and modeling possible? A random universe would not allow for these skills since these skills require patterns—and predictable ones at that. The reason these skills are possible is because God has designed a world that mimics (in a creaturely way) what God is like. As image bearers, we are designed not only to mimic our Creator but also to be impacted and inspired by the Creator’s design. Numbers and axioms are the content of mathematical design, and the skills needed to observe and appreciate that design should be sought after and coveted by any who long to see the Creator’s handiwork and give Him thanks.

Fall: Man has been confronted by design in mathematics but has attempted to recognize design without giving God thanks. Some believe that design is not in the world but in our mind. These people hold that since we can know only what we experience, we are the ones that bring meaning to that experience. In other words, this belief holds that the source of meaning lies not in God’s interpretation of the world, but in our interpretation. In this case, to see design we need a filter between our mind and the world we observe. Math is that filter. We do not get mathematics from the world; we bring it to the world. We look at the world through the spectacles of mathematics. Time (sequence of numbers) is one dimensional. Space is three dimensional. All are understood with the spectacles of mathematics.

Redemption: For Christians, design is both in the world and in the mind, and this harmony is an imperfect reflection of the Creator. Christians must meet the challenge of applying non-mathematical relations to mathematical practices to have a more robust understanding of mathematics. For instance, there is nothing mathematical about desiring to glorify God, thank God, and reverence God, yet that desire is essential to pursuing a mastery of the skills needed to observe God’s design in mathematics. A proper formulation of math includes design. This design reflects God as the master builder of this world. Christians must guard themselves from believing that math contains patterns incidentally or that God did not reveal anything about Himself in math. Applying one’s desire for God to honing one’s skills of mathematics has become a challenge because we live in a fallen world. But it can be overcome by a strengthening of faith. If God is truly the designer, and God is truly to be praised by those who observe that design, then a strengthening of faith is directly proportional to the study of math. As one’s affections grow for the Designer, so will one’s understanding of that which is designed.

Chapter Objectives
Chapter 1: Explain what it means to number. (Design—Creation)
Chapter 2: Evaluate the idea that design is imposed upon the world by our minds. (Design—Fall and Redemption)
Chapter 7: Create your own product that gives glory to God for design in creation that mathematics has helped you to recognize. (Design—Application)


Ethics and Numbers
Creation: God’s command to subdue and rule over the earth has conditions. One of these conditions is to subdue and rule in a way that demonstrates love for one’s neighbor and respect for the creation. The God-given ability to use numbers allows us to calculate, record keep, and predict for the purpose of protecting and preserving other people and the environment.

Fall: We misuse numbers in two ways. First, using number systems and formulas, we have developed technology that assists in killing unborn babies and terminally ill people, violating the command to love one’s neighbor. Second, in many cases, we manipulate statistics, misuse percentages, and create models that disproportionately overemphasize particular data for the purpose of advancing a cause or political position.

Redemption: Christians oftentimes are reactionary and are tempted to develop similar strategies as their enemies. However, Christians must formulate a biblical view of research and data collection that is dedicated to loving one’s neighbor and loving truth. This might mean including research and data that diminishes their own political views or personal causes. In data collection, calculation, and prediction, applying biblical principles and maintaining biblical motivations are evidence of both loving one’s neighbor as well as loving truth.

Chapter Objectives
Chapter 11: Explain the basis of ethics in mathematics. (Ethics—Creation)
Chapter 12: Formulate a biblical view of statistics and probability. (Ethics—Fall and Redemption)

1 Vern S. Poythress, Redeeming Mathematics: a God-Centered Approach (Crossway, 2015), 16-28.
2 Calvin Jongsma and Kevin N. Vander Meulen, “A Neo-Kuyperian Approach to Mathematics,” 2017. 24.
3 “Is Math Oppressive? Seattle Public Schools Think So: What This Reveals and Why Christians Should Celebrate Math,” Albert Mohler, last modified October 30, 2019, https://albertmohler.com/2019/10/30/briefing-10-30-19

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- transmit email or any other content that includes personal or identifying information about another person without that person’s explicit consent;

 

- transmit email or any other content that is false, deceptive, misleading, deceitful, or constitutes “bait and switch”;

 

- offer stolen goods and/or materials that infringe a patent, trademark, trade secret, copyright or other proprietary rights of another person, or entity or that violate any rights of privacy or publicity, or that defame or libel any person or entity, or offer content that you do not have a right to make available under any law or under contractual or fiduciary relationships (including without limitation any goods purchased or obtained by you without right of resale such as promotional materials or school market-restricted materials);

 

- include hyperlinks, on Teacher Tools Online®, to the website of any other platform or service offering or facilitating the sale of teaching materials or other educational products.

 

- advertise any illegal products or services or the sale of any items the sale of which is prohibited or restricted by applicable law, including without limitation items the sale of which is prohibited or regulated by applicable law;

 

- provide materials or any other content for download that contain viruses or any other code, files, or programs designed to interrupt, destroy, or limit the functionality of any computer software or hardware or telecommunications equipment;

 

- disrupt the normal flow of dialogue with an excessive number of messages (flooding attack) to the Service, or in any manner that otherwise negatively affects Members’ and visitors’ ability to use the Service;

 

- employ misleading email or IP addresses, or forged headers, or otherwise manipulated identifiers in order to disguise the origin of content transmitted through the Service;

 

- attempt to gain unauthorized access to Teacher Tools Online®’s computer systems or engage in any activity that disrupts, diminishes the quality of, interferes with the performance of, or impairs the functionality of, the Service;

 

- attempt to regain access to Teacher Tools Online® following a ban or account termination, including without limitation by means of opening or attempting to open a new account under the same or different Username;

 

- “stalk” or otherwise harass anyone on or through the Service;

 

- collect any personally identifying data about Members or visitors for commercial or unlawful purposes; or

 

- use automated means, including spiders, robots, crawlers, data mining tools, or the like to download data from the Service-except for internet search engines (e.g., Google or Yahoo!) and non-commercial public archives (e.g., archive.org) that comply with our robots.txt file, or that are “well-behaved” web services/RSS/Atom clients. We reserve the right to define what we mean by “well-behaved,” and to develop, invoke, or utilize any means to disrupt, diminish the quality of, interfere with the performance of, or impair the functionality of any automated means you may use to access the Service.

4. User Behavior:

You are fully responsible for your behavior on Teacher Tools Online®, which includes the way that you utilize any aspect of the Teacher Tools Online® service.

1. You are completely and solely responsible for the content you post on Teacher Tools Online®, which includes, but is not limited to, photos, messages, chat, personal profiles, community posts, broadcasts, blogs, events, audio and video clips. Unauthorized or illegal content includes, but is not limited to:

(a) the display of sexually explicit material

(b) the display of abusive, harmful, racially or religiously offensive or bigoted, obscene, or libelous material.

(c) the use of flaming or trolling

(d) the display of material that encourages criminal behavior that violates any local, state, national, or international law or regulation.

(e) the use of the Service for unauthorized advertising, which includes MLM/pyramid schemes, spam, chain letters, sweepstakes or contests.

(f) the transmission of viruses, worms, or Trojan horses to destroy or limit any functionality of the software or hardware of Teacher Tools Online® and its users.

(g) the display of information about another person without their express consent, or the posting of any copyrighted material that you do not have legal authorization to use.

BJU Press has the right, in its sole discretion, to determine whether content is unauthorized, offensive, harmful, illegal, or in violation of the rights of others.

2. You agree and understand that BJU Press can delete any content that is offensive, illegal, harmful, or in violation of the rights of other.

3. You understand and agree that you can only use Teacher Tools Online® for academic use. You cannot use Teacher Tools Online® for any commercial or business purposes.

4. Any member who demonstrably harasses or abuses another member will be removed from Teacher Tools Online®.

5. Other unauthorized or illegal behaviors include, but are not limited to:

(a) the display of false information about yourself or anyone else

(b) changing, in any manner at all, or reverse engineering any aspect of Teacher Tools Online®. You may not attempt to derive source code from the Teacher Tools Online® service.

(c) the use of any search/retrieval application (e.g., robot, spider) to index any aspect of Teacher Tools Online®

(d) the posting of information that implicitly or explicitly implies that it is endorsed by Teacher Tools Online®

 

5. Inappropriate User-Submitted Content.

 

Teacher Tools Online® prohibits certain user conduct and content described above and, without obligation, will use reasonable efforts to eliminate such conduct and content from the Service. Nevertheless, you acknowledge and agree that (i) Teacher Tools Online® is not and cannot be responsible for any content, information, or materials posted by users on the Service, (ii) you may be exposed to any such materials, information, or content, and (iii) you must bear all risks associated with the exposure to and/or use of any such materials, information, or content, including without limitation any reliance on the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of such materials, information, or content. Without limitation of the foregoing, Teacher Tools Online® has the right to, but may or may not, pre-screen and/or monitor content posted on the Service, and without limiting any remedies, may remove, edit, move, or close, in whole or in part, any content, information or materials, or thread or posting in any chat room and/or similar feature on the Service, at any time for any reason, in Teacher Tools Online®’s sole discretion.

 

6. Links to Other Sites and Resources.

 

The Service contains links to other websites or resources. Teacher Tools Online® has no control over such external sites and resources. You agree that (i) Teacher Tools Online® is not responsible for the availability or accuracy of such external sites and resources, and (ii) Teacher Tools Online® does not endorse nor is it responsible or liable for any content, advertising, products, services or materials on or available from such external sites and resources. Any reliance on the contents or services of such an external website or resource is done at your own risk and you assume all responsibilities and consequences resulting from such reliance.

 

7. Copyright Infringement:

BJU Press respects copyright and other laws. BJU Press requires all users to comply with copyright and other laws.

BJU Press does not provide you with file-sharing ability so that you can violate the copyright of third parties.

As a member of Teacher Tools Online®, you agree that you must not use Teacher Tools Online® to infringe the intellectual property of others in any way. The unauthorized reproduction, distribution, modification, or posting of copyrighted work is a violation of copyright law.

You are responsible for your behavior on Teacher Tools Online® and for making sure that it does not violate any copyright laws. If you violate copyright laws, then you may be exposed to civil and criminal liability, including possible fines and jail time.

We respect the intellectual property rights of others, and we ask that our Members and users do the same. It is our policy to disable access to or remove material that we believe in good faith to be infringing on a copyrighted work. We also disable and/or terminate the accounts of users who we believe in good faith are repeatedly infringing copyrighted works. Our Copyright Policy has been developed in accordance with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), and other applicable laws. By accepting these Terms of Service, you agree to be bound by our Copyright Policy, which is by this reference expressly incorporated into this Agreement.

 

8. Privacy Policy

 

We take the privacy of our users’ and Members’ information very seriously. Our Privacy Policy is available at www.TeacherToolsOnline.com/Privacy-Policy. By accepting these Terms of Service, you agree to be bound by our Privacy Policy, which is by this reference expressly incorporated into this Agreement.

 

9. Indemnity

 

By accepting this Agreement, you agree, at your expense, to indemnify, defend, and hold BJU PRESS and its subsidiaries, affiliates, officers, agents, employees, partners, and licensors harmless from and against any and all loss, cost, damages, claims, demands, liabilities, expenses, or tax assessments, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, arising out of any claim made by any third party or any action taken by any governmental or regulatory body (including, without limitation, the Federal Trade Commission or any state attorney general), due to, arising out of, or relating to actions or allegations of infringement based on information, data or content you submitted in connection with the service, (i) any fraud or manipulation, or other breach of this agreement by you, or (ii) third party claims, actions or allegations brought against BJU Press arising out of your use of the service or software, (iii) any product, content, information, or materials that you submit, purchase, post, transmit, provide, or otherwise make available through the Service, (iv) your use of the Service, (v) your connection to the Service, (vi) your actual or alleged breach of this Agreement (including our Copyright Policy and Privacy Policy), (vii) your actual or alleged infringement of any third party intellectual property or proprietary rights, or (viii) your actual or alleged violation of any applicable laws, rules, regulations, or rights of another.

 

 

10. Warranty Disclaimers

 

YOU AGREE THAT THE SITE AND THE SERVICE ARE PROVIDED ON AN “AS IS” AND “AS AVAILABLE” BASIS, AND THAT YOUR USE OF THE SERVICE PROVIDED BY BJU PRESS SHALL BE AT YOUR SOLE RISK. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, BJU PRESS, ITS AFFILIATES, AND ITS AND THEIR OFFICERS, DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES, AND AGENTS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, IN CONNECTION WITH THE WEBSITE, THE SERVICE, AND YOUR ACCESS TO AND USE THEREOF, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY ARISING FROM COURSE OF DEALING OR USAGE OF TRADE. BJU PRESS MAKES NO WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS ABOUT THE CREDIBILITY OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SERVICE; THAT MEMBERS WILL PERFORM AS PROMISED; ABOUT THE TRUTHFULNESS, ACCURACY, OR COMPLETENESS OF THE SERVICE’S CONTENT OR THE CONTENT OF ANY SITES LINKED TO THIS SERVICE; ABOUT THE AVAILABILITY, QUALITY, CHARACTERISTICS, LEGITIMACY, FUNCTIONALITY, PRICING, SHIPPING, DELIVERY, SECURITY, OR SAFETY OF ANY PRODUCTS OR CONTENT LISTED FOR SALE ON THIS SERVICE; OR ABOUT ANY PRODUCT DESCRIPTIONS OR PRODUCT LITERATURE. BJU PRESS ALSO MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES THAT THE CONTENTS OF THE SERVICE OR ANY PRODUCTS LISTED FOR SALE ON THE SERVICE ARE FIT FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR WILL MEET ANY USER’S REQUIREMENTS, AND ASSUMES NO LIABILITY OR RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY (I) ERRORS, MISTAKES, OR INACCURACIES OF CONTENT, (II) PERSONAL INJURY OR PROPERTY DAMAGE, OF ANY NATURE WHATSOEVER, RESULTING FROM YOUR ACCESS TO AND USE OF THE SERVICE, (III) ANY UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS TO OR USE OF OUR SECURE SERVERS AND/OR ANY AND ALL PERSONAL INFORMATION AND/OR FINANCIAL INFORMATION STORED THEREIN, (IV) ANY INTERRUPTION OR CESSATION OF TRANSMISSION TO OR FROM THE SERVICE, (IV) ANY BUGS, VIRUSES, TROJAN HORSES, OR THE LIKE, WHICH MAY BE TRANSMITTED TO OR THROUGH THE SERVICE BY ANY THIRD PARTY, AND/OR (V) ANY ERRORS OR OMISSIONS IN ANY CONTENT, OR FOR ANY LOSS OR DAMAGE OF ANY KIND INCURRED AS A RESULT OF THE USE OF ANY PRODUCT OR CONTENT POSTED, EMAILED, TRANSMITTED, SOLD, OR OTHERWISE MADE AVAILABLE VIA THE SERVICE. BJU PRESS DOES NOT WARRANT, ENDORSE, GUARANTEE, OR ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY PRODUCT OR SERVICE ADVERTISED OR OFFERED BY A THIRD PARTY THROUGH THE SERVICE OR ANY HYPERLINKED WEBSITE, OR FEATURED IN ANY BANNER OR OTHER ADVERTISING, AND BJU PRESS WILL NOT BE A PARTY TO OR IN ANY WAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR MONITORING ANY TRANSACTION BETWEEN YOU AND THIRD-PARTY PROVIDERS OF PRODUCTS OR SERVICES. AS WITH THE PURCHASE OF A PRODUCT OR SERVICE THROUGH ANY MEDIUM OR IN ANY ENVIRONMENT, YOU SHOULD USE YOUR BEST JUDGMENT AND EXERCISE CAUTION WHERE APPROPRIATE. ADDITIONALLY, BJU PRESS IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY DAMAGES OR LOST PROFITS THAT RESULT FROM MEMBERS DIRECTLY CONTACTING OTHER MEMBERS OR FOR ANY DAMAGES OR LOST PROFITS RESULTING FROM TRANSACTIONS CONDUCTED OUTSIDE OF THE SERVICE, INCLUDING TRANSACTIONS THAT MAY ORIGINATE THROUGH THE SERVICE BUT ARE TAKEN OFFLINE OR OUTSIDE OF THE SERVICE. BJU PRESS AND ITS AFFILIATES, PARTNERS, AND CONSULTANTS DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL RESPONSIBILITY OR LIABILITY FOR THE CONTENT, COMPLETENESS, ACCURACY, LEGALITY, RELIABILITY, OR AVAILABILITY OF INFORMATION OR MATERIALS DISPLAYED ON TEACHER TOOLS ONLINE®. YOU AGREE THAT THE USE OF THE SERVICE AND ANYTHING THING THAT YOU DOWNLOAD FROM TEACHER TOOLS ONLINE® SITE IS AT YOUR SOLE RISK, DISCRETION, AND RESPONSIBILITY. YOU WILL BE WHOLLY RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY DAMAGE TO YOUR COMPUTER SYSTEM THAT RESULTS FROM YOUR USE OF THE SERVICE OR THE DOWNLOADING OF INFORMATION. TEACHER TOOLS ONLINE® DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL RESPONSIBILITY AND LIABILITY FOR THE CONDUCT OF ANY MEMBER. TEACHER TOOLS ONLINE® WILL NOT BE HELD LIABLE FOR ANY INTERACTIONS YOU HAVE WITH OTHER INDIVIDUALS OR ORGANIZATIONS THROUGH THE LMS. YOU AGREE THAT BJU PRESS IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY DAMAGE OR LOSS THAT OCCURS AS A RESULT OF SUCH INTERACTIONS AND THAT BJU PRESS _ HAS NO OBLIGATION TO BECOME INVOLVED IN ANY SUCH DISPUTES; FURTHER, YOU RELEASE BJU PRESS FROM DAMAGES OF ANY KIND THAT ARISE FROM SUCH DISPUTES. TEACHER TOOLS ONLINE® OFFERS ALL OF ITS SERVICE ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, WITH NO WARRANTIES WHATSOEVER. TEACHER TOOLS ONLINE® EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW ALL EXPRESS, IMPLIED, AND STATUTORY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND NON-INFRINGEMENT OF PROPRIETARY RIGHTS.

 

 

11. Limitation of Liability

IN NO EVENT, SITUATION, OR CIRCUMSTANCE WILL BJU PRESS BE LIABLE TO YOU OR ANY THIRD PARTY FOR ANY INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL OR EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OR RESULTING FROM YOUR USE OF TEACHER TOOLS ONLINE®, WHETHER OR NOT BJU PRESS HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. THIS INCLUDES, BUT IS NOT LIMITED TO DAMAGES FROM UPLOADED OR DOWNLOADED THIRD PARTY CONTENT, AND DAMAGES FROM THE INTERRUPTION OR TERMINATION OF THE TEACHER TOOLS ONLINE® SERVICES. SOME JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE LIMITATION OF EXCLUSION OF LIMITATION OF INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATIONS AND EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. IN NO EVENT, SITUATION, OR CIRCUMSTANCE WILL BJU PRESS BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR AN AMOUNT EXCEEDING FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS ($500.00).

YOU AGREE THAT BJU PRESS, ITS AFFILIATES, AND ITS AND THEIR OFFICERS, DIRECTORS, EMPLOYEES, AND/OR AGENTS SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR EXEMPLARY DAMAGES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF PROFITS, GOODWILL, REPUTATION, USE, OR DATA OR OTHER INTANGIBLE LOSSES, RESULTING FROM: (I) THE ACCESS TO, USE, OR THE INABILITY TO ACCESS OR USE THE SERVICE; (II) THE COST OF PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS AND SERVICES RESULTING FROM ANY GOODS, DATA, INFORMATION, OR SERVICES PURCHASED OR OBTAINED OR MESSAGES RECEIVED OR TRANSACTIONS ENTERED INTO, THROUGH OR FROM THE SERVICE; (III) UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS TO OR ALTERATION OF YOUR TRANSMISSIONS OR DATA; (IV) STATEMENTS OR CONDUCT OF ANY THIRD PARTY ON THE SERVICE; OR (V) ANY OTHER MATTER RELATING TO THE SERVICE. SOME STATES OR OTHER JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATIONS AND EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. BJU PRESS’ LIABILITY TO YOU OR ANY THIRD PARTY SHALL IN NO EVENT BE, IN THE AGGREGATE, GREATER THAN THE LESSER OF (A) THE TOTAL AMOUNTS PAID BY YOU TO BJU PRESS DURING THE TWELVE (12) MONTHS PRIOR TO THE CLAIM OR ACTION ALLEGEDLY GIVING RISE TO SUCH LIABILITY, OR (B) ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS ($500.00).

 

YOU HEREBY ACKNOWLEDGE THAT YOU UNDERSTAND THAT BY ACCESSING AND USING THE SERVICE AND AGREEING TO THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT, YOU MAY BE WAIVING RIGHTS WITH RESPECT TO CLAIMS THAT ARE AT THIS TIME UNKNOWN OR UNSUSPECTED. IF YOU ARE A CALIFORNIA RESIDENT, YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT YOU HAVE READ AND UNDERSTOOD, AND HEREBY EXPRESSLY WAIVE, THE SECTION 1542 OF THE CIVIL CODE OF CALIFORNIA, WHICH PROVIDES AS FOLLOWS: “A GENERAL RELEASE DOES NOT EXTEND TO CLAIMS WHICH THE CREDITOR DOES NOT KNOW OR SUSPECT TO EXIST IN HIS FAVOR AT THE TIME OF EXECUTING THE RELEASE, WHICH IF KNOWN BY HIM MUST HAVE MATERIALLY AFFECTED HIS SETTLEMENT WITH THE DEBTOR.” FURTHERMORE, IF YOU ARE A RESIDENT OF ANOTHER STATE OR JURISDICTION, YOU AGREE TO WAIVE IN ADVANCE ANY SIMILAR LAWS OF SUCH OTHER STATE OR JURISDICTION.

 

12. Termination

 

BJU Press can refuse membership to anyone at its sole discretion. In addition, Teacher Tools Online® can terminate the membership and delete any related information of any member at any time for any reason. If BJU Press terminates your membership, then you can no longer use the Teacher Tools Online® service or the services of any of its affiliates.

We reserve the right to suspend or terminate, or take any other action or remedy that we deem reasonable, appropriate, or necessary, in our sole discretion, with respect to your Member Account immediately, without prior notice or liability, for any reason. If we terminate your account, your right to use the Service will immediately cease. You may terminate your Member Account at any time and for any reason, and we will make available through the Service reasonable means for you to do so. When these terms come to an end, those terms that by their nature are intended to continue indefinitely will continue to apply, including but not limited to, ownership provisions, licenses, warranty disclaimers, indemnity, and limitations of liability.

 

13. Miscellaneous Provisions

 

- Ownership of Site. This site, the Service, and all text, graphics, user interfaces, visual interfaces, photographs, trademarks, logos, sounds, music, artwork, content, and computer code therein (collectively, the “Teacher Tools Online® Content”), including without limitation the design, structure, selection, coordination, expression, “look and feel,” and arrangement of such Content is owned, controlled, or licensed by or to Teacher Tools Online®, and is protected by trade dress, trade secret, copyright, patent, and trademark laws, and various other intellectual property rights.

 

Except as expressly provided in this Agreement or otherwise permitted by law, no Teacher Tools Online® Content may be used, copied, reproduced, modified, republished, disassembled, reverse engineered, uploaded, posted, publicly displayed, publicly performed, publicly performed by means of a digital audio transmission, encoded, translated, transmitted, or distributed in any way to any other person, computer, server, website, or in any other medium for any purpose, without Teacher Tools Online®’s express prior written consent.

 

- Entire Agreement. The Terms of Service, including Teacher Tools Online®’s Privacy Policy, which is incorporated by reference above, constitute the entire agreement between you and Teacher Tools Online® and governs your use of the Service.

 

- No Agency. Teacher Tools Online® is not the agent or representative of any site users, nor does it operate under their authority for any purpose.

- Governing and Applicable Law. This Terms of Service Agreement is governed in all respects by the laws of the State of South Carolina, USA without regard to its conflict of law provisions. In the event of any dispute related to this Agreement, the parties will attempt resolution pursuant to biblical principles utilizing negotiation and mediation. If this is unsuccessful for any reason, disputes arising hereunder shall be submitted to state or federal courts in Greenville, South Carolina, and you agree to and consent to the exclusive jurisdiction of such courts. The Service is operated by BJU Education Group, Inc. from its offices in South Carolina, in the United States of America. BJU PRESS makes no representation that materials or content on the Service are appropriate or available for use in other locations. Those who choose to access the Service from other locations do so on their own initiative and are responsible for compliance with local laws, if and to the extent local laws are applicable. Software from this site is further subject to United States export controls. No software from www.TeacherToolsOnline.com may be downloaded or otherwise exported or re-exported (i) into (or to a national or resident of) Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Syria or any other country to which the United States has embargoed goods; (ii) to anyone on the U.S. Treasury Department’s list of Specially Designated Nationals or the U.S. Commerce Department’s Table of Deny Orders; or (iii) in any other manner that violates U.S. law. By downloading or using any software, you represent and warrant that you are not located in, under the control of, or a national or resident of any such country or on any such list.

 

- Dispute Resolution_: Any dispute arising out of or relating to these terms or the Service shall be submitted exclusively to confidential binding arbitration in Greenville, SC, except that to the extent you have in any manner violated or threatened to violate BJU PRESS’s intellectual property rights, we may seek injunctive or other appropriate relief in any state or federal court in the State of South Carolina. You hereby consent to, and waive all defenses of lack of personal jurisdiction and forum non conveniens with respect to venue and jurisdiction in the state and federal courts of South Carolina. Arbitration under these Terms of Use shall be conducted pursuant to the Commercial Arbitration Rules then prevailing at the American Arbitration Association. The arbitrator's award shall be final and binding and may be entered as a judgment in any court of competent jurisdiction. To the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, no arbitration under this Agreement shall be joined to an arbitration involving any other party subject to this Agreement, whether through class action proceedings or otherwise. If a suit, action, arbitration or other proceeding of any nature whatsoever is instituted in connection with any dispute or controversy arising out of or related to the subject matter of this Agreement, the prevailing party shall be entitled to recover from the non-prevailing party, in addition to any other available remedy, all reasonable costs, including without limitation court costs, attorneys’ fees, and other expenses incurred in such proceeding.

 

- Waiver and Severability. The failure of BJU PRESS to exercise or enforce any right or provision of the Terms of Service shall not constitute a waiver of such right or provision. If any provision of this Terms of Service shall be held unlawful, void, or unenforceable for any reason, then that provision shall be deemed severed from this Terms of Service and shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the remaining provisions. The severed provision shall be deemed modified so that its purpose can be lawfully effectuated and enforced.

 

- Notices. Teacher Tools Online® may provide you with notices, including, without limitation, those regarding changes to the Terms of Service, product updates, teacher conferences, and other service-related announcements, by email or postings on the Service.

 

- BJU PRESS may change or amend these Terms. If we make material changes, we will notify you, either through the user interface, in an email notification, or through other reasonable means. Your use of the Service after the date such change(s) become effective will constitute consent to the changed terms. If you do not agree to the changes, you must immediately stop using the Service. Otherwise the new terms will apply to you.

 

- Future Changes in the Service. BJU Press reserves the right at any time (and from time to time) to modify, suspend, or discontinue providing the Service or any part thereof with or without notice. BJU Press will not be liable to you or to any third party for any modification, suspension, or discontinuance of the Service.

 

- Assignment. BJU Press may assign this agreement to any successor or purchaser of BJU PRESS or all or substantially all of its assets.

 

- Headings. Section titles and headings in this Agreement are for convenience only, and have no legal or contractual effect.

 

- Trademarks. BJU Press, the BJU Press logo, Teacher Tools Online®, Shop Talk, and other BJU Press logos and names are trademarks of BJU Education Group, Inc. You agree not to display or use these trademarks in any manner without prior, written consent of BJU Education Group, Inc.

 

- If any aspect of this agreement is deemed invalid, then the remaining provisions shall still be enforced.

You may not assign or transfer this Agreement or any of your rights or obligations hereunder, and any attempt to the contrary is void.

BJU Press is not responsible for any delay or failure in performance resulting directly or indirectly from causes beyond BJU Press's reasonable control.

Any correspondence about this Agreement will be sent to you via the email that you provided during registration.

14. International Use:

If you are not a resident of the United States of America, then you agree to follow all applicable laws and local rules regarding the transmission of data from the United States or the country in which you live.

We hope that you enjoy your use of Teacher Tools Online®. These Terms of Service are necessary and allow us to offer this Service to you – our valued user. Official correspondence must be sent through postal mail to:

BJU Press Customer Service
1700 Wade Hampton, Blvd.
Greenville, SC 29614

This Terms of Service represents the complete, entire, and exclusive understanding and agreement between you and Teacher Tools Online®. It supersedes all prior, written or oral, understandings or agreements. You understand and agree that you have read these Terms of Service and that amendments can be posted to this Terms of Service. You agree and understand that your continued use of the Service represents your consent to such amended terms.